In India the state of liquidity has been satisfactory or improved over the previous years. But after credit crisis (what we commonly call a liquidity crisis), it got the desired attention all over the world. Liquidity and profitability are two vital aspects for an organisation.A firm not earning profit is bad but a firm not having liquidity is worse. Therefore maintaining liquidity is a pre-requisite for the very survival of a company. The liquidity should be neither excessive nor inadequate. Excessive liquidity indicates accumulation of idle funds which do not earn any profit for the firm and inadequate liquidity, on the other hand, not only adversely affects its credit worthiness but also its production process and hampers its earning capacity.
Liquidity basically refers to the short term financial strength of the company. It is composed of two important words Financials and Strength. Financial refers to sources of funds which may be long term or short term. Strength means ability to pay debts when they become due. So, liquidity is the ease with which assets can be converted into cash without any loss whenever required. There are five ratios which may be calculated from income statement and balance sheet of the companies that can help us to know the liquidity position of the company.
1. Current ratio-It shows the relationship between current assets and current liabilities. It is an important measure of analysing the firm’s ability to pay off its current liabilities out of its short term resources. The higher the CR, the more amounts is available per rupee of current liabilities. The rule of thumb about CR is 2:1. It is based on the logic that in the worst situation even if there is a possibility of 50% shrinkage in the value of assets, still firm would be able to pay its current liabilities. However, this rule cannot be treated as general guide for any kind of business.
Current ratio=current liabilities/current assets.
2. Quick ratio-It is a refinement over CR as it excludes inventories which is considered as slow moving assets as compared to other assets. Thus, it can assess the liquidity position of the company more accurately. The rule of thumb about is 1:1, but again it varies from business to business.
Quick ratio=Liquid Assets/ Current Liabilities
Liquid assets=Current assets-inventory.
3. Cash position ratio-It is also known as super quick ratio. This is a rigorous test of liquidity because it considers only cash at bank, cash in hand, and marketable securities in current assets.
Cash position ratio= Melted Assets/ Current Liabilities
Melted assets= cash at bank, cash in hand, and marketable securities in current assets.
4. Inventory turnover ratio-This ratio focuses on the inventory control policy of the company. It is the relationship between cost of goods sold during a particular year and average inventory kept by the company during that year.
Inventory turnover ratio= cost of goods sold/average inventory.
Higher the ITR, the better it is because holding an inventory carrying two types of cost that are opportunity cost in terms of cash blocked in inventory which could have earned some interest and another cost is inventory holding cost.
5. Debtor turnover ratio-This ratio focuses on the credit policy pursued by the company. Liquidity position of the company largely depends on the payment received from the debtors. Therefore it should use that credit policy in such a way that it may not hamper its cash inflow. The company should tighten the debt collection efforts and should reduce the amount tied up with debtors. In order to do it a periodical report should be prepared so that management can take necessary actions.
Debtor turnover ratio= Net Credit Sales/Average Account Receivables.
NOTES
Current Assets=cash in hand+ cash in bank+ marketable securities+ debtors+ accounts/bills receivable+ prepaid expenses+ inventory+ short term investment.
Current Liabilities=creditors+ accounts/bills payable+ outstanding expenses+ short term loan+ proposed dividend+ provision for tax+ unclaimed dividend.
Article Submitted by,
Liteshwar Rao